Power Corrupts In Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 1187 Words

Power can not only harm- it can kill. In George Orwell’s novel, Animal Farm, published in 1945, power quickly corrupts society. The animals were just able to be free of the critical control of Farmer Jones, when another leader steps up- this time one of their own. When given too much power, Napoleon, the Animal Farm’s dictator, takes complete control over the farm. From repealing all rules earlier laid out, to the slaughtering of innocent animals, Napoleon makes it obvious he is in power. The farm animals remain faithful to this harsh leader despite the fact they get treated poorly and inhumanly. They become â€Å"brainwashed† into believing Napoleon has the best interest for each and every one of them. The theme that power corrupts is†¦show more content†¦The farm animals do not second anything their master, Napoleon, says. Although Napoleon speaks untrue things, deceiving all the farm animals, they believe every word he speaks into existence must be a ccurate. Napoleon receives worship for everything pleasant that takes place on the Animal Farm, even though he lies and many times he had absolutely nothing to do with goodness. Napoleon and his group of pigs begin to take complete control of the Animal Farm. They were the ones to make all the rules, and left all the other animals with very little power. When Napoleon were given all the power, they began to change the rules they had earlier laid out, without the animals’ opinions. â€Å" ‘Muriel, she said, ‘read me the Fourth Commandment. Does it not say something about never sleeping in a bed?’... ‘It says, ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.’ † The regulations that were earlier proposed slowly started changing but only for the pigs’ benefit. Napoleon and his pigs begin sending orders, giving the farm animals more and more work. Napoleon and the pigs did nothing except sit and watch, and of course, benefit from all the hard work the other animals did. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work but directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge, it was natural that they should Show MoreRelatedAbsolute Power Corrupts in Animal Farm by George Orwell Essays1287 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm, by George Orwell, was written to show how absolute power corrupts, just as Stalin’s power did following the Russian Revolution in 1917. In the allegory Animal Farm, each character represents a political figure from the days around the Russian Revolution. For example, Joseph Stalin is represented by a pig named Napoleon, Squealer, another pig, represents Stalin’s propaganda department, and the dogs represent the Secret Police (KBG). Using the nine dogs that Napoleon raises (intimidation)Read MoreTheme Of Power Corrupts In Animal Farm1232 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of power, so he decided to use it negatively for others, but positively for himself. Meanwhile, he realized he shouldn’t do these corrupt acts, but it was too late! He got a call from his doctor who told him he’d been diagnosed with cancer. A theme that would fit this scenario a nd the book, â€Å"Animal Farm,† by George Orwell would be: Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. This theme would fit this book because the main character Napoleon, an animal of the Manor Farm, gets so muchRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under the surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words   |  4 Pagessay which was which(Orwell 133). In George Orwells allegorical novella Animal Farm, a successful rebellion, w as held against the Mr. Jones (the farm owner), as he mistreated the animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm lacked a figure of authority, so the pigs stepped up to that position as they were the most literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm. Which led to a situationRead MoreAnimal Farm Character Analysis713 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS† (Orwell 134). In George Orwell’s allegorical fable, Animal Farm, a group of animals lived with their master, Jones. Jones was an unfair man who didn’t care too much about the animals. One day Jones forgot to feed the animals, so they revolted. The animals wanted a perfect place without the corruption of man. The currently animal controlled land of Animal Farm, the smartest of all animals, the pigs take control. To prevent a human-likeRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell, Uses Real World Examples1106 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Farm, by George Orwell, uses real world examples to link a specific purpose to the unfortunate society. This novel is relevant to the world because in today’s society. Power is often misused and abused. Today’s world if full of scandals by people misusing funds, abuse of power, and taking advantage of the innocent.. To link this novel even more to the real word, Orwell compares Animal Farm to the Russian revolution, which leads to symbols thro ughout this novel. Authors today are extremelyRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Major’s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleon’s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleon’s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwell’s AnimalRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm993 Words   |  4 Pages In George Orwell’s Animal Farm despite how great a government system is, it is only as good as the people who govern. Animal Farm is a story about oppressed animals overthrowing their humans and taking control over the farm. However things were fine up until the pigs started turning corrupt. The story is told through the eyes of a common animal and the events that occurred on Animal Farm. The narrator is never known but it is apparent that is it just a common animal and this gives the retellingRead MoreExamples Of Conflict In Animal Farm1319 Words   |  6 Pagestechniques and compelling concepts to teach individuals powerful messages about conflict. The novella Animal Farm by George Orwell allegorically refers to the conflict of the Russian Revolution and demonstrates that the desire for power corrupts the human condition, leading to the deterioration of society. It also exhibits that the abuse of language is instrumental in manipulating the ignorant to gain power. Edward Zwick’s movie Glory provides an insight into the story behind a group of persecuted African-AmericanRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentions

A General Landscape Of The Human Development Context

2. Education in the human development context This part navigates into both scale levels of the model: A general landscape is provided by the dimension network analysis, and the bridge detail is delivered by the local scale analysis among subnetworks. Besides education, the ACS included other human development dimensions in the thematic groups numbered in Figure 2. Wealth is represented by several thematic groups (2, 6, 5, 9, 8, 11, 18), but health is limited to insurance coverage (12). Culture is represented broadly (1); Affiliations and some differentials such as gender and others were also covered (7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17), as well as the relationships with the environment for establishment (3, 19). In the general landscape of the human development dimensions observed, education subnetwork had 18 links (degree) connected to 61.11% of other dimension subnetworks. Among these, 9.09% were exclusively incoming, 27.27% exclusively outgoing, and the majority of the relationships were cyclic (63.63%) (i.e., incoming and outgoing links with the same node). For the cyclic case and for the outgoing links, an outstanding relationship between education and the factor of culture was evidenced by the higher outgoing link weight (1.09 weight with p=3x10-9, and out/in weight ratio of 9.64 significantly different to the mean with p=3.63x10-5) which bears the influence of education over culture. The cyclic relationship between education and demographic characteristics was significant forShow MoreRelatedI Discovered : A Profound Enthusiasm For Learning About The Lives Of Ancient Peoples That Has Furthered My Determination1298 Words   |  6 Pagesvolunteer. That year I was chosen to work on a di fferent project; I was part of a small team tasked with excavating the recently discovered Philistine cemetery. During that season and the season that followed, I not only learned about excavating human remains, but I also had the opportunity to study the lives and deaths of the deceased individuals: what they ate, their illness and injuries, their lifestyles, and their relationships with others outside their communities. Even their feelings forRead MoreThe Cultural Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Five: The Cultural Analysis of Outdoor Leisure in the Select Field Cities 1. Introduction In the last chapter, the development of outdoor leisure practices in the selected cities is in tamed with the transformations of Chinese government economic strategies. With increasing disposable money, overall increased spare time compared with Maoist era, health conscious as well as the negative consequences caused by modernization in terms of high pressure of working condition with high trade-offRead MoreEvaluate the Importance of Ecosystem Management and Protection1135 Words   |  5 Pageswe are maximising our race’s ability to adapt to change. The enormous diversity of life represents a huge date base of genetic material can be tapped into as human needs change. the loss of a species; plant, fungus, bacterium or virus denies us a of potential future source of food, medicine, chemicals, fibres and other such materials. Human survival depends upon a few species, mainly a few grains such as wheat, rice. Despite genetic engineering, plant breeders still rely upon selective breedingRead MoreSocial Learning Theory : Theory Of Reward And Punishment Of Behavioral Reinforcement955 Words   |  4 Pagesin understanding childhood development and human behavior in the cyber environment and â€Å"sociotechnical† environment of ANT and human ghosting. Social learning theory can also help in understanding impacts of technological developments on human beings. People learn from each other how to behave in a new environment. Social learning theory explains many childhood social, moral, and cognitive developments in people’s environment, which could be applied to understanding human ghosting phenomena in cyberRead MoreAsdfghjkl894 Words   |  4 PagesReligion * Undergraduate Sociological Education Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences. A central concern of anthropologists is the application of knowledge to the solution of human problems. Historically, anthropologists in the United States have been trained inRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Ccj as the Caribbeans Final Court of Appeal1425 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of advantages that can be explored. These include: the legal and social landscape of the Caribbean, our independence, the comparatively cheaper expense of the CCJ as oppose to the Privy Council and leaving a legacy for our future generation. Having an established CCJ is seen as a better alternative to the Privy Council because the judicial personnel of the CCJ would be more aware of the legal and social landscape of the Caribbean and would be in a better position to rule more effectively onRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Changing Process Of Economic Development871 Words   |  4 Pagesand specific communities (Knox and Marston, 2016). Global networks allow the flows of globalisation to be reconstructed rather than effaced. I will focus on the economic impact of globalisation on the changing process of economic character and development in London and Sydney. Economic globalisation has been defined by (Cloke, Crang and Goodwin, 2013 p.414),† As the growing integration and interconnectedness of a range of different dimensions of the world economy†. (Cloke, Crang and Goodwin, 2013)Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Ccj as the Caribbeans Final Court of Appeal1440 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of advantages that can be explored. These include: the legal and social landscape of the Caribbean, our independence, the comparatively cheaper expense of the CCJ as oppose to the Privy Council and leaving a legacy for our future generation. Having an established CCJ is seen as a better alternative to the Privy Council because the judicial personnel of the CCJ would be more aware of the legal and social landscape of the Caribbean and would be in a better position to rule more effectively onRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Rights949 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights are perhaps the only concept which has remained the focus of many debates in the modern world. The mere thought that all humans across the world irrespective of their culture, religion and race are equal and deserve equality is perhaps the reason why it holds such significance among people. â€Å"There is something deeply attractive in the idea that every person anywhere in the world, irrespective of citizenship or territorial legislation, has some basic rights, which others should respectRead MoreThe Macrosystem: From Child to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthat characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which indi viduals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. There have been a number of theories surveyed that are foundational to the profession of mental health counseling. The foundational areas are the development across the lifespan, ecological theory, mental health, and mental health promotion. These together form a unique base from

Bipolar Essay Example For Students

Bipolar Essay AbstractPrevious research suggests a significant difference in word recognition time between the left and right visual fields, with word recognition and response time of the right visual field significantly faster than the left visual field. The current study investigated bilateral visual fields on word recognition time by means of an online computer program consisting of 55 participants. It was hypothesized that men would respond faster than women, and the right visual field reaction times would be faster than the left. Results indicate that sex had no significant effect on reaction time. However, words presented in the right visual field were responded to significantly faster than words in the left. Supporting previous findings of a right visual (left hemispheric) advantage. The Effect of Bilateral Visual Fields on Word RecognitionWhen examining word recognition, there are a variety of factors that come into play. These factors include the role each hemisphere plays in terms of lan guage processing as well as the physiology of the brain. Further, when examining word recognition one must further understand the assortment of variables that come into play when dealing with word recognition. These include, but are not limited to the handedness of participants in word recognition studies, the type of words that are being studies (for example words of differing length, commonly used words versus less commonly used words), the manner by which participants are attending to the stimuli that are being presented, and the manner that words are presented. Understanding the role that each hemisphere of the brain plays in recognizing words, and the physiology of the brain is fundamental to the understanding of studies of word recognition. A primary tenet of neuropsychology is that the left hemisphere specializes in language, and language processing, while the right hemisphere plays less of a role in the processing of language (Grimshaw, 1998, Nicholls Wood, 1998). It should also be noted that stimuli presented to the right visual field has direct access to the left hemisphere, while information presented to the left visual field must first go to the right hemisphere, cross the corpus callosum, and then be interpreted in the left hemisphere (Grimshaw, 1998, Nicholls Wood, 1998). Because each hemisphere of the brain specializes in its own functions, one hypothesis is that the corpus callosum acts as a shield between hemispheres (Grimshaw, 1998). This hypothesis provides formal reasoning for the generally lowered reaction times that is often encountered when stimuli are presented to the left visual field (Nicholls, Wood, 1998). HandednessPrevious research has indicating the importance of handedness (which hand individuals prefer to use on typical everyday tasks) in word recognition. Research has indicated that cerebral lateralization plays a contributing factor in the processing of language. Specifically research has suggested that left handed individuals have weaker cerebral lateralization, thus the typical right visual field advantage that is shown in right handed individuals is not as predominant, and occasionally a left visual field advantage is seen in left handed individuals (Nicholls Wood, 1998). In a study conducted by Leventhal (1988) the role that cerebral dominance plays on the participants ability to recognize words were examined. The participants consisted of both left and right handed undergraduate students. The participants were presented words to the left visual field and the right visual field that were either emotionally neutral or emotionally stimulating. Previous word recognition studies have found that prosody is generally influenced by the right hemisphere, while language is processed in the left hemisphere (Grimshaw, 1998). Leventhal (1988) found that participants who were right-handed recognized more words presented in the right visual field than the left visual field, while left-handed participants recognized more words presented in the left visual field than the right. Overall, right-handed participants recognized more words than left-handed participants. Leventhal (1988) concluded that all participants were equally capable of recognizing words, but that a significant difference was found in reaction time between right-handed and left-handed participants. Handedness obviously plays an integral role in determining reaction time in word recognition tasks. The primary question that is presented upon reviewing the research available is why this occurs. If the left hemisphere always dictates language processing, why is it that left handed individuals occasionally show more rapid word recognition when stimuli are presented to the left visual field? Research has suggested that left handed individuals experi ence weaker brain lateralization, which could pose a feasible answer to this dilemma (Nicholls, ; Wood, 1998). AttentionThe effect that visual cues play on the role of word recognition is another variable that must be taken into account when examining word recognition. There have been studies that suggest that the right visual field has an advantage over the left visual field because words presented in the right visual field enjoy enhanced retinal attention versus stimuli presented in the left visual field (Batt, Underwood, ; Bryden, 1995). As such a variety of studies have been developed to divert attention from the right visual field to the left in order to change the area of retinal attention from what is thought to be the right to the left, in order to determine if this retinal attention may play a role in word recognition. Nicholls and Wood (1998) conducted a series of experiments to assess the contribution of attentional mechanisms to the right visual field advantage for word recognition. In the experiment the participants were presented with visual cues that were valid, invalid, or neutral. A valid cue was a cue that was shown in the same visual field as the stimulus was presented. Invalid cues were presented in the opposite visual field than the field that words are presented. Cues that were considered neutral were presented to both visual fields at the same time. Results of the experiments indicated words presented to the right visual field were likely to have lower levels of error in identification, as well as faster reaction times. The cueing effect discussed earlier was stronger for the left visual field than for the right visual field, which indicates that the left hemisphere requires less attention to process words. The right visual field advantage appears to reflect the left hemispheres enhanced capacity for processing verbal information. The asymmetrical effect of the cue suggests that attention does play an important role in perceptual asymmetries. A similar study performed by Lindell and Nicholls (2003) which examined the effect of cue position on hemispheric performance. This study also found that cue position had no effect on left hemisphere performance, suggesting that the right visual field enjoys an attentional advantage. Reaction times for word identification were faster and with fewer errors in response to words in the right visual field than the left visual field (Lindell Nicholls, 2003). Lindell and Nicholls (2003) also found that the right hemisphere showed a faciliatory effect of beginning cue, drawing spatial attention to the initial letter cluster, which enables efficient implementation of the right hemispheres sequential strategy. Proverbio, Zani, and Avella (1997) investigated hemispheric specialization for spatial frequency processing by measuring reaction times to sinusoidal gratings in 12 healthy subjects. Results showed that reaction times were significantly faster in the left visual field than the right visual field for low frequency gratings and faster in the right visual field than the left visual field for high frequency gratings. Proverbio et al. (1997) found overall reaction times were faster to high frequency gratings, and also found a significant interaction between frequency and visual field. Proverbios (1997) results show that reaction times to targets in a selective attention task differ as a function of spatial frequency and visual field stimulation. These results indicate a hemispheric specialization for the ability to identify low versus high spatial frequency in a selective attention task (Proverbio et al., 1997). Word PresentationResearch has shown that a visual field difference exists in word recognition, with words presented in the right visual field processed more quickly and accurately than words presented in the left visual field (Eviatar, Ibrahim, Ganayim, 2004; Iacoboni Zaidel, 1996; Jordan Patching, 2000; Leventhal 1988; Lindell Nicholls, 2003). Words have been found to be processed more quickly when presented in the right visual field rather than the left visual field because for most people visual word recognition is achieved by neural mechanisms situated in the left hemisphere (Farid Grainger, 1996). Iacoboni and Zaidel (1996) compared behavioral laterality effect in a lexical decision making task using cued unilateral and bilateral presentations of different stimuli to right-handed undergraduate students. Words were found to be processed more quickly than nonwords in both visual fields, but words produce more accurate responses in the right visual field. Bilateral presentatio ns were found to increase hemispheric independence in word recognition, with a bilateral presentation showing a word advantage in the right visual field and a nonword advantage in the left visual field (Iacoboni Zaidel, 1996). Unilateral presentations showed a significant word advantage in the right visual field, but no significant differences in the left visual field. Overall, unilateral presentation produced more accurate and faster responses than bilateral presentation. High frequency words were recognized with more accuracy than low frequency words, wordness and word length interaction was found. Iacoboni Zaidels (1996) hypothesis that after an initial similar perceptual process, words and nonwords are processed by independent, parallel processes was supported by the results of their study. Jordan ; Patching (2000) studied the bilateral presentation of words in the left and right visual field, as well as nonlaterally. Nonlateral words were shown centrally to stimulate particip ants reaction to words presented in the right and left visual field, similar to a fixation point. These nonlateral words were incorporated to alter the perception of the words located in the left and right visual fields. Participants were rated on their accuracy to correctly recognize words that were presented simultaneously as the nonlateral word. These words were given a perceived identity of the actual word being presented in the left or right visual field. For example, romp and ramp were presented to the participant at the same time, and the participant was asked to recognize the word not presented in the center of the screen. Participants were able to more accurately report words on the right visual field. However, participants responded to words in the left visual field more problematically. Jordan and Patchings (2000) findings also suggests that right visual field words frequently altered the perceived identity of the left visual field. To Kill A Mockingbird Essay SummaryMethodParticipantsA convenient sample of 55 (29 women and 26 men, age range 11 to 60) volunteered to participate in the current study. Six participants were left handed, 47 were right handed, and 2 were ambidextrous, as determined by self report. Participants included Christopher Newport University students, Christopher Newport University alumni, friends, and relatives of the experimenters. Participants were not compensated for their participation. All participants were treated in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 1992). MaterialsParticipants used their own computer that was connected to the internet in order to participate in the study. To begin this study, participants must download the necessary plug-in indicated as to have the appropriate system requirements: http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveAuthorware;P5_Language=English. The website used to run the experiment is located at: http://psychexps.olemiss.edu/Exps/Word_Recognition/startwr.htm PsychExperiments is an online social and cognitive psychology laboratory, developed by funding from the U.S. Department of Educations FIPSE program. The site consists of a variety of interactive experiments, a collective data archive, and downloadable support for materials that both participants and experimenters can use to gather data. Both sites can only be visited by a computer that is connected to the internet. In the current experiment, all data was collected using the PsychExperiments website. ProcedureEach participant accessed the website featuring the current experiment individually at a time convenient for them. Participants were given sufficient instructions (in either the form of email or printed out directions) about how to access the experiment. The experiment was accessed at psychexps.olemiss.edu. Participants were instructed to click on participate in experiments, located on the top left portion of the page. From there, participants were instructed to download the plug-in (located on the left side of the screen) necessary to install the program experiment on the participants computer. Then participants clicked on Lab Experiments, also located on the left side of the page. After that, participants were told to choose Word Recognition Study, and then to Run Word Recognition Study. Once the experiment was accessed, a description about the experiment and instructions on how to proceed were given by the program to participants. Participants were then given the option of participati ng. Participants who chose to participate then selected the appropriate region and project affiliationin the current study, participants were instructed to select the region including Virginia for their region, and Velkeys Project One as their affiliation. After this, demographical data (including age, sex, and hand preference) was collected before the actual experiment began. Once the experiment began, a total of 16 words were presented to each participant, with an indeterminate amount of trials because the experiment continued until the participant correctly identified all 16 words. To start each trial, the participant was prompted to press any key. To assure central fixation, a pulsating plus sign appeared in the beginning of the screen at the beginning of each trial. The pulsating plus sign stayed on the screen for 3-5 seconds and then a word was presented in either the left or right visual field, and then removed. The length of the time the word was presented depended on the number of times the word had been presented before. The participant was then prompted to type the word they saw flash on the screen. Once a word was correctly identified, it was removed from the words being presented. If the word was incorrectly identified, it was randomly presented again later in the experiment for a longer period of time. The experiment continued until all words had been correctly identified. ResultsThe position of words presented on the screen had a statistically significant effect on reaction time, F(1,53) = 17.654, p ; .001, h = .25. Participants mean recognition time for words presented on the left side of the screen .119 s, (SEM = .003). The mean recognition time for words presented on the right side of the screen was .108 s, (SEM = .002) (see figure 1). These results supported the experimenters hypothesis that words presented in the right visual field would be recognized more quickly than words in the left visual field. There was no statistical significance found to suggest an interaction between position of words presented on sex of participants, F(1, 53) = 1.552, p = .218, h = .028. Further, no statistical significance was found to suggest that sex had an effect, F(1, 53) = .271, p = .605, h = .005. These results failed to support the hypothesis of the experimenters that males would display a mean recognition time that was more quickly than females. DiscussionResults of the current study support the researchers hypothesis that words presented in the right visual field were recognized more quickly than words presented in the left visual field. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating a right visual field advantage. Several limitations were present in the current study. The convenient sample used in the current study was not representative of the population. In addition, not enough left-handed participants were included to study a handedness effect on word recognition. Previous research indicates that handedness has a significant effect on word recognition. Studies have shown that right-handed individuals have a stronger right visual field advantage than left-handed individuals because of weaker cerebral lateralization (Nicholls Wood, 1998); some studies have even found left handed individuals exhibiting a left visual field advantage (Leventhal, 1988; Nicholls Wood, 1998). Another problem which arose in the current study was accessing the project website. Many participants had problems downloading the required software plug-in in order to complete the experiment affecting the sample. The current study expands upon existing literature in the field of cerebral lateralization by reproducing previ ous findings indicating a right visual field advantage in word recognition (Batt et al., 1995; Iacoboni Zaidel, 1996; Leventhal, 1988; Jordan Patching, 2000; Nicholls Wood, 1998). Words presented in the right visual field were recognized more quickly overall than words presented in the left visual field. Future research in the word recognition and hemispheric specialization could examine the affects of handedness on word recognition by sampling equal amounts of left and right handed individuals. The contradictory findings of an overall right visual field advantage on word recognition for both left and right-handed individuals can be further examined in this way. ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611. Bub, D., Lewine, J. (1988).Different modes of word recognition in the left and right visual fields. Brain Language, 33, 161-188. Ellis, A. W. (2004). Length, formats, neighbours, hemispheres, and the processing words presented laterally or at fixation. Brain and Language, 88(3), 355-366. Ellis, A., Young, A., Anderson, C. (1988). Modes of word recognition in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Brain Language, 32, 254-273. Eviatar, Z., Ibrahim, R., Ganayim, D. (2004) Orthography and the Hemispheres: Visual and Linguistic Aspects of Letter Processing. Neuropsychology, 18, 174-184. Farid, M., Grainger, J. (1996). How initial fixation position influences visual word recognition: A comparison of French and Arabic. Brain and Language, 53, 351-368. Iacoboni, M., Zaidel, E. (1996). Hemispheric independence in word recognition: Evidence from unilateral and bilateral presentations. Brain and Language, 53, 121-140. Jordan, T., Patching, G. (2000). Perceptual Interactions Between Bilaterally Presented Words: What you get is often not what you see. Neuropsychology, 17, 566-577. Lavidor, M., Ellis, A. W., Pansky, A. (2002). Case alternation and length effects in lateralized word recognition: Studies of English and Hebrew. Brain and Cognition, 50(2), 257-271. Lavidor, M., Ellis, A. W. (2002). Word length and orthographic neighborhood size effects in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Brain and Language, 80, 45-62. Leventhal, G. (1988). Cerebral dominance and attentional bias in word recognition. Perceptual Motor Skills, 66, 791-800. Lindell, A. K., Nicholls, M. E. (2003). Attentional deployment in visual half-field tasks: The effect of cue position on word naming latency. Brain and Cognition, 53(2), 273-277. Nicholls, M. E. R., Wood, A. G. (1998). The contribution of attention to the right visual field advantage for word recognition. Brain and Cognition, 38, 339-357. Ohnesorge, C., Van Lancker, D. (2001). Cerebral laterality for famous proper nouns: Visual recognition by normal subjects. Brain Language, 77, 135-165. Proverbio, A. M., Zani, A., Avella, C. (1997). Notes and discussion: Hemispheric asymmetries for spatial frequency discrimination in a selective attention task. Brain and Cognition, 34, 311-320. Voyer, D. (2003). Word Frequency and laterality effects in lexical decision: Right hemisphere mechanisms. Brain Language, 87, 421-431. Weems, S., Reggia, J. (2004). Hemispheric specialization and independence for word recognition: A comparison of three computational models. Brain Language, 89, 554-568.

Sixties Essays (1240 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Hippie

Sixties Many social changes that were addresses in the 1960s are still the issues being confronted today. The ?60s was a decade of social and political upheaval. Inspite of all the turmoil, there were some positive results: the civil rights revolution, John F. Kennedy's bold vision of a new frontier, and the breathtaking advances in space, helped bring about progress and prosperity. However, there was alot of negative effects: student and anti-war protest movements, political assassinations, and ghetto riots excited American people and resulted in lack of respect for authority and the law. The decade began under the shadow of the cold war with the Soviet Union, which was aggravated by the U-2 incident, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban missile crisis. along with the space race with the USSR. The decade ended under the shadow of the Vietnam war, which deeply divided Americans and their allies and damaged the country's self-confidence and sense of purpose. Even if you weren't alive in the ?60s, you know what they meant when they said, "tune in, turn on, drop out." you know why the nation celebrates Martin Luther King Jr.' birthday. All of the social issues are reflected in today's society: the civil rights movement, the student movement, the sexual revolution, the environment, and more controversial of all, Hippies. The sixties is also known for its rapid birth rate. Nearly 76 million children were born to this generation, and for that they are called the "Baby Boomers." Suprisingly, even though so many children were being born, not many parents knew how to raise them. The parents of the 50s and 60s were so concerned with the world around them that going to work was the only image children had of their fathers. Kids didn't understand why they worked so much just to gain more material possessions. Children of this generation grew up learning just about how to be free and happy. Most of the time, when thinking back to the sixties, people remember hearing about things such as sex, drugs, and racism. However, what the often tend to overlook is the large emphasis freedoms had on the era. This does not just refer to the freedoms already possessed by every American of the time. This focuses on the youth's fight to gain freedom or break away from the values and ideas left behind by the older generation. These fights were used to help push for freedoms from areas such as society's rules and values, competition, living for others first, and the older generation's beliefs as a whole. Including the freedom to use drugs. The younger generation just wanted a chance to express their own views rather than having to constantly succumb to the views of the older generation. In order to find these unique and different qualities in each other and themselves, the younger generation turned to drugs. This was another freedom which they were required to fight for since the older generation did not support drug use as a source of pleasure and creativity. This could basically be considered an out right rejection of the older society's values. Drugs were also seen as a freedom from reality. Then enable the youths to escape to a different kind of world. Because of the youths' great desire to achieve a universal sense of peace and harmony, drugs were sometimes a very important part of one's life. Sometimes, they would plan a day or evening around the use of a major drug so they could enjoy it to the fullest extent. This could almost be considered ironic in the sense that while trying to gain one freedom, the ability to use drugs, the youths appeared to have lost another freedom, the ability to live their own lives. It seems more as if their lives were controlled by the drugs and the drugs' effects than by the people themselves. The combination of the defiance, revolution, and drugs created a major hippie era. Thousands of hippies would flock to the party capitals of the world for the high of a life time. Haight Ashberry, San Francisco, was once considered hippie central for the world. Here people would just line the streets with drug use, sex, and wild music. In 1967, came the "Summer of Love." This period was not unlike the previous acts of hippies, just more intense. And to top off the hippie era, one of the largest concerts in the world took place in Woodstock, New York. During several days of music, sex, and drugs were abused heavily, almost to the point of